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The management of the PGA memory allocation is easy from a DBA s point of view. You can set a couple of basic parameters and let Oracle automatically manage the allocation of memory to the individual work areas. You need to do a couple things before Oracle can automatically manage the PGA. You need to use the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter to set the memory limit, and you need to use the V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE view to tune the target s value. In the next sections I discuss those tasks.

The PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter in the init.ora file sets the maximum limit on the total memory allocated to the PGA. Oracle offers the following guidelines on sizing the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter:

port is an output port. UML 2 allows port symbols to contain an arrow in order to make explicit the direction of control flow through a port. Delegation connectors appear as arrows with dashed lines connecting ports to objects or vice versa. A single port may delegate to multiple objects, as shown in the case of the Administration interface in Figure 6-17. Delegation connectors can also redirect incoming calls to subcomponents, as shown in Figure 6-18.

For an OLTP database, the target should be 16 to 20 percent of the total memory allocated to Oracle. For a DSS database, the target should be 40 to 70 percent of the total memory allocated to Oracle. The preceding guidelines are just that guidelines. The best way to determine the ideal size of the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter is to use the V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE or V$PGASTAT view, which I explain in the following sections.

Once you ve set the initial allocation for the PGA memory area, you can use the V$PGA_TARGET_ ADVICE view to tune the target s value. Oracle populates this view with the results of its simulations of different workloads for various PGA target levels. You can then query the view as follows: SQL> 2 3 4* SELECT ROUND(pga_target_for_estimate/1024/1024) target_mb, estd_pga_cache_hit_percentage cache_hit_perc, estd overalloc_count FROM V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE;

Using the estimates from the V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE view, you can then set the optimal level for PGA memory.

Figure 6-18. Delegation connectors routed to a subordinate component The delegation connectors connect the incoming and outgoing interfaces of the subordinate component to input and output ports of the main component. Component Wiring diagrams make no assumptions about how calls from ports are physically delegated to internal objects or subordinate components.

Remember that the memory you provide through setting the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter is what determines the efficiency of sorting and hashing operations in your database If you have a large number of users who perform heavy-duty sort or hash operations, your PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET must be set at a high level When you set the SGA_TARGET at, say 2GB, the instance takes the 2GB from the total OS memory as soon as you start it However, the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is merely a target Oracle doesn t take all the memory you assign to the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET when the instance starts The PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET only serves as the upper bound on the total private or work-area memory the instance can allocate to all the sessions combined The ideal way to perform sorts is by doing the entire job in memory A sort job that Oracle performs entirely in memory is said to be an optimal sort.

If you set the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET too low, some of the sort data is written out directly to disk (temporary tablespace) because the sorts are too large to fit in memory If only part of a sort job spills over to disk, it s called a one-pass sort If the instance performs most of the sort on disk instead of in memory, the response time will be high Luckily, as long as you have enough memory available, you can monitor and avoid problems due to the undersizing of the PGA memory (PGA_TARGET) You can examine the PGA usage within your database by using the following query The value column shows, in bytes, the amount of memory currently allocated to the various users: SQL> 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9* SELECT svalue,ssid,ausername FROM V$SESSTAT S, V$STATNAME N, V$SESSION A WHERE nSTATISTIC# = s.

STATISTIC# and name = 'session pga memory' AND ssid=asid ORDER BY svalue;.