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You use the FOPEN function to open an operating system file for input and output. You can open a file in three modes: read (r), write (w), or append (a).

To read from a file, you first specify the read (r) mode when you open a file using the FOPEN function. The GET_LINE procedure enables you to read one line of text at a time from the specified operating system file.

Example 4 When you want to know the outdoor temperature, you might look out the window at an outdoor thermometer hanging on a wall and see the temperature. You are the interrogator, and the thermometer is the respondent. You control when to read the outdoor temperature. Unless you take the action of requesting the temperature by looking at the thermometer, you ll never know what the thermometer reading is. The thermometer can t, by itself, give you its temperature reading. Example 5 A software system needs to monitor the state of keys on a keyboard. Consider a simple system in which a keyboard device contains an initially empty FIFO buffer that stores the keys typed by the user. A separate process issues Read commands to the keyboard device to get the keys typed. Each Read command returns one key. The reader process is the interrogator, the keyboard device the respondent. The reader will never receive typed keys unless it asks the keyboard device explicitly.

To write to a file, you must open the file in the write (w) or append (a) mode. The append (a) mode just adds to the file, and the write (w) mode overwrites the file if it already exists. If the file doesn t already exist in the UTL_FILE directory, the UTL_FILE utility will first create the file and then write to it. Note that you don t have to create the file manually the FOPEN function takes care of that for you. When you want to write a line to the file, you can use the PUT procedure. After the package writes a line, you can ask it to go to a new line by using the NEW_LINE procedure. Better yet, you can just use

Include the RESULT_CACHE clause in a PL/SQL function definition to make the database cache the function results in the PL/SQL Function Result Cache. Here s an example: SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE function get_dept_info (dept_id number) RETURN dept_info_record result_cache relies_on (employees) IS rec dept_info_record; BEGIN SELECT AVG(salary), COUNT(*) INTO rec FROM employees WHERE department_id = dept_id; RETURN rec; END get_dept_info; / The RELIES ON clause is optional. The clause specifies that the database must invalidate the function results if any of the tables or other objects that the function depends on undergoes a modification.

The first time the database executes the GET_DEPT_INFO function, the function will execute as usual. On subsequent executions of the function, the database fetches the function values directly from the PL/SQL Function Result Cache instead of reexecuting the function. The database reexecutes the function only when You bypass the result cache by not specifying the RESULT_CACHE hint. You execute the DBMS_RESULT_CACHE_BYPASS procedure to make functions and queries bypass the result cache, regardless of the setting of the RESULT_CACHE_MODE parameter or the specification or the RESULT_CACHE hint. Any of the objects underlying a function change and you ve specified the RELIES_ON clause in the function definition. The database ages out cached results because the system needs additional memory.

A process P1 needs to continuously monitor the status of a number of other processes Pi. Status changes can only be handled at a certain rate, decided by P1. The status requests can be fulfilled by the Pi processes very quickly e.g., by returning the value of an internal state variable or performing a simple computation.

A PL/SQL function must satisfy the following requirements in order for the database to cache its results. A function cannot Have any IN/OUT parameters Be an anonymous block Be defined in a module that has invoker s rights Have parameters that belong to the collection, object, ref cursor, or LOB types Be a pipelined table function Besides meeting these requirements, the function must not depend on session-specific settings or application contexts and must also not have any side effects.